Nepal's Political Upheaval: Youth-Led Protests Challenge Government Actions

In early September 2025, Nepal experienced a significant political upheaval as youth-led protests erupted nationwide, challenging government actions and longstanding issues of corruption and economic disparity.

The immediate catalyst for the unrest was the government's decision on September 4 to block access to 26 major social media platforms, including Facebook, X (formerly Twitter), WhatsApp, and YouTube. The Ministry of Communication and Information Technology cited the platforms' failure to comply with a directive requiring official registration and the establishment of local liaison offices. While officials argued that the ban aimed to curb misinformation and ensure regulatory compliance, many citizens perceived it as an attempt to suppress dissent and control public discourse.

The ban ignited widespread outrage, particularly among Nepal's youth, often referred to as Generation Z. On September 8, peaceful demonstrations began in Kathmandu, with thousands gathering near the Parliament building. Protesters carried placards demanding the restoration of social media access and an end to corruption. As tensions escalated, clashes between demonstrators and security forces turned violent. Authorities responded with tear gas, water cannons, and, eventually, live ammunition. The confrontations resulted in at least 19 deaths and over 300 injuries. In an attempt to restore order, the government imposed curfews in Kathmandu and other major cities.

Amid mounting public pressure and escalating violence, Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli resigned on September 9. His aide, Prakash Silwal, confirmed the resignation, stating that it was a move to facilitate a constitutional solution to the crisis. Following Oli's departure, the government lifted the social media ban. However, the protests continued, with demonstrators setting fire to government buildings, including the Parliament complex, and the private residences of several political leaders.

The protests reflect deep-seated frustrations among Nepal's youth regarding corruption, economic inequality, and perceived governmental overreach. High youth unemployment rates and limited economic opportunities have driven many young Nepalis to seek work abroad. The government's recent attempts to regulate and censor social media further fueled discontent, as these platforms serve as vital communication tools for the diaspora and those remaining in the country.

In response to the escalating unrest, the military was deployed to enforce curfews and restore order. Soldiers patrolled the streets of Kathmandu under an indefinite curfew, a rare domestic deployment since the end of the monarchy in 2008. The army arrested individuals allegedly attempting to incite further unrest and worked to prevent prisoner escapes after hundreds broke out amid the chaos.

Protesters have proposed former Chief Justice Sushila Karki to lead an interim government, though opinions are divided. Additionally, Kathmandu Mayor Balendra Shah, a 35-year-old former rapper and structural engineer, has emerged as a prominent figure among the youth. Known for his activism and criticism of corruption through his music and online presence, Shah has gained widespread support, particularly from Generation Z. Many young people are calling for him to take a key role in a proposed Neutral Interim Authority Council, which aims to restore order and pave the way for elections within 18 months. Despite widespread support, Shah has not yet officially responded to calls for political leadership.

The situation remains fluid, with ongoing demonstrations and a heightened security presence in major urban areas. The protests have evolved into a broader rebellion against political corruption and nepotism, as high youth unemployment continues to drive emigration. The government's handling of the crisis, especially the proposed bill regulating social media platforms, has drawn criticism from rights groups and added to public anger.

Nepal's recent turmoil underscores the growing influence of youth-led movements in South Asia, where similar protests have led to significant political changes. The direction Nepal takes next will depend on how the government engages with the decentralized protest movement and whether traditional political mechanisms can adapt to the demands for change.