On May 20, 2025, the World Health Organization (WHO) member states unanimously adopted a landmark, legally binding agreement aimed at enhancing global preparedness for future pandemics. This agreement, developed over three years of negotiations following the COVID-19 pandemic, focuses on strengthening international collaboration, equity, and resilience in the face of global health threats. Key components include the establishment of a Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing System (PABS) to facilitate rapid data sharing and equitable distribution of health products, and a commitment to a "One Health" approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. Notably, the United States did not participate in the final agreement process due to its withdrawal from the WHO earlier in 2025.

The WHO Pandemic Agreement represents a significant step in global health governance, aiming to prevent, prepare for, and respond more effectively to future pandemics. The agreement includes several innovative mechanisms:

• Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing System (PABS): This system is designed to ensure rapid sharing of pathogen data and equitable distribution of health products, such as vaccines and treatments, particularly benefiting low-income countries that experienced shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic.

• Global Supply Chain and Logistics Network (GSCL): Aimed at improving the distribution and access to essential health resources during pandemics.

• One Health Approach: Recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, promoting a comprehensive strategy to prevent and respond to health threats.

The agreement also stipulates that public investment in health should lead to affordable pricing and technology transfer, addressing concerns about equitable access to health products. However, some critics have pointed out the lack of binding enforcement mechanisms and the agreement's reliance on the goodwill of member states.

On January 20, 2025, President Donald Trump signed Executive Order 14155, initiating the withdrawal of the United States from the WHO. The order cited the WHO's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, perceived lack of independence from political influences, and disproportionate financial contributions by the U.S. compared to other countries as reasons for the withdrawal.

The U.S. had been a significant contributor to the WHO, providing nearly a quarter of the organization's funding. The withdrawal raised concerns about potential disruptions in global health programs, particularly in regions heavily reliant on WHO support.

The U.S. withdrawal from the WHO has several potential implications:

• Global Health Programs: Countries like Angola, which depend on WHO-led initiatives to combat diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis, may face challenges due to reduced funding and support.

• Global Health Security: The absence of U.S. collaboration with the WHO could hinder coordinated responses to health emergencies, potentially leading to increased morbidity and mortality rates worldwide.

• Geopolitical Dynamics: The withdrawal may create opportunities for other countries, such as China, to increase their influence within the WHO and global health governance.

WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus expressed regret over the U.S. decision, emphasizing the organization's role in protecting global health and security. Critics have described the withdrawal as a strategic mistake that could undermine global health security and diminish U.S. influence in international health matters.

The unanimous adoption of the WHO Pandemic Agreement, despite the absence of the United States, underscores the global commitment to strengthening pandemic preparedness and response. However, the effectiveness of the agreement will depend on its implementation and the continued collaboration among member states.