Madagascar Military Coup as Youth-Led Protests Escalate

In October 2025, Madagascar experienced a significant political upheaval as youth-led protests over economic hardships and government corruption escalated into a military coup, resulting in the ousting of President Andry Rajoelina.

The unrest began on September 25, 2025, when thousands of young people took to the streets of Antananarivo and other cities, protesting against frequent water and electricity shortages, as well as widespread corruption and unemployment. The demonstrations intensified over the following weeks, leading to violent clashes with security forces. According to the United Nations, at least 22 people were killed during these confrontations.

In an attempt to quell the growing unrest, President Rajoelina dismissed his prime minister and cabinet on September 29, 2025. However, this move failed to appease the protesters, who continued to demand more substantial reforms and the president's resignation.

A pivotal moment occurred on October 11, 2025, when the elite CAPSAT military unit, led by Colonel Michael Randrianirina, defected to support the protesters. Randrianirina publicly called for soldiers to refuse orders to suppress the demonstrations and demanded the resignation of President Rajoelina. By October 12, CAPSAT had declared control over the armed forces.

President Rajoelina fled the country on October 13, citing threats to his life. The following day, the National Assembly voted to impeach him, and the military announced the suspension of the constitution and the formation of a transitional council. Colonel Randrianirina was declared interim president, with plans to hold elections within two years.

Colonel Michael Randrianirina, 51, has had a notable career in both military and political spheres. He served as the governor of the Androy region from 2016 to 2018 and later became the commander of the elite CAPSAT military unit. In November 2023, Randrianirina was arrested on charges of instigating a military mutiny and attempting a coup but was released in February 2024 after receiving a suspended sentence. His leadership during the 2025 crisis has been pivotal in the country's political transition.

The African Union responded to the coup by suspending Madagascar from its activities, condemning the unconstitutional change of power and calling for a return to civilian governance. France expressed "great concern" over the events, emphasizing the need to adhere to the constitution and human rights. The United Nations condemned the violence against demonstrators and urged all parties to respect democratic principles.

Madagascar faces deep-rooted socio-economic challenges, including widespread poverty and a youthful population. The GDP per capita has declined by 45% since 1960, according to the World Bank. The recent political instability has further exacerbated these issues, leading to concerns about the country's future governance and economic recovery.

The events in Madagascar underscore the profound impact of socio-economic challenges and youth activism on political stability. The international community's response highlights the delicate balance between supporting democratic principles and respecting national sovereignty.