Molecular Biologist James D. Watson, Co-Discoverer of DNA Structure, Dies at 97

James D. Watson, the American molecular biologist renowned for co-discovering the double-helix structure of DNA, passed away on November 6, 2025, at the age of 97. His death was confirmed by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, where he spent much of his career, and by his son Rufus.

In 1953, at the age of 25, Watson, alongside Francis Crick, identified the double-helix structure of DNA. This groundbreaking discovery elucidated how genetic information is stored and replicated, revolutionizing the field of molecular biology. Their work was significantly informed by X-ray diffraction images produced by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. In recognition of this achievement, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962.

Following the discovery, Watson joined Harvard University as a professor of biology, where he served from 1955 to 1976. During his tenure, he played a pivotal role in developing the molecular biology program and mentored numerous graduate students. In 1968, he became the director of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) in New York, transforming it into a leading center for molecular biology research. Watson also led the Human Genome Project from 1988 to 1992, contributing to the mapping of the human genome.

Despite his monumental scientific achievements, Watson's later years were marred by controversial remarks on race and intelligence. In 2007, he suggested a link between race and intelligence, stating that he was "inherently gloomy about the prospect of Africa" because "all our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours—whereas all the testing says not really." These comments led to his suspension from CSHL and the revocation of honorary titles. In a 2019 documentary, Watson reiterated these views, resulting in further condemnation and the loss of additional honorary positions.

Watson married Elizabeth Lewis in 1968, and they had two sons, Rufus and Duncan. His son Rufus's struggle with schizophrenia motivated Watson's advocacy for genetic research into mental illnesses. Watson was also known for his candid and often provocative communication style, which, while contributing to his notoriety, also led to significant controversies.

Watson's discovery of the DNA double helix has had profound implications across various fields, including medicine, forensic science, and biotechnology. However, his controversial remarks have sparked ongoing debates about the intersection of scientific achievement and personal conduct. These discussions highlight the importance of ethical considerations in scientific discourse and the responsibility of scientists to uphold values of equality and respect.

James D. Watson's life encapsulates the complexities of scientific achievement intertwined with personal controversy. His contributions to molecular biology are indelible, yet his legacy serves as a reminder of the ethical responsibilities inherent in scientific inquiry and leadership.