India Braces for Record Heat in April 2025: IMD Warns of Rising Temperatures and Heatwaves

India is bracing for an exceptionally hot April, with the India Meteorological Department (IMD) forecasting above-normal temperatures across most regions of the country. IMD Director General Mrutyunjay Mohapatra announced this projection during an online news conference on March 31, 2025, highlighting potential significant impacts on various aspects of life and the environment.

The IMD's forecast indicates an increased likelihood of more frequent and intense heatwaves, particularly affecting central and western peninsular regions. These conditions raise concerns about challenges in agriculture, public health, and energy consumption. Authorities and the public are urged to prepare and implement measures to mitigate the adverse effects of the anticipated heat.

This projection aligns with a troubling trend of rising temperatures in India. Notably, 2024 was recorded as the warmest year since 1901, underscoring the ongoing impact of climate change on the region. The consistent increase in annual mean land surface air temperatures has far-reaching implications for the nation's economy, public health, and infrastructure.

Economic Impacts

Extreme heat has already taken a toll on India's economy. In 2021, the country suffered an income loss of $159 billion, equivalent to 5.4% of its GDP, in sectors such as services, manufacturing, agriculture, and construction due to extreme heat. Heat exposure led to the loss of 167 billion potential labor hours, marking a 39% increase from the 1990–1999 period. Labor productivity is projected to decline by 5% from the 1986–2006 reference period if global temperatures increase by 1.5°C. This decline could be 2.1 times more if temperatures rise by 2.5°C, and 2.7 times at a 3°C scenario.

The agricultural sector is particularly vulnerable. Between 2016 and 2021, climate change-induced extreme events damaged crops over 36 million hectares, resulting in a $3.75 billion loss for farmers. These losses not only affect farmers' livelihoods but also have broader implications for food security and inflation.

Public Health Concerns

Heatwaves pose significant health risks, especially to vulnerable populations such as older adults, children, pregnant women, outdoor workers, and individuals with chronic illnesses. Between 1992 and 2015, heatwaves caused 24,223 deaths in India. The increased incidence of heat-related illnesses can overwhelm healthcare facilities, leading to higher mortality rates and economic burdens.

The phenomenon of "heat poverty" is emerging as a growing threat. Impoverished individuals are compelled to take on debt to afford cooling solutions like air conditioners, exacerbating their financial strain. This situation is particularly prevalent in densely populated urban areas, where the urban heat island effect intensifies the impact of rising temperatures.

Energy Consumption and Infrastructure

Elevated temperatures lead to increased energy demand, primarily due to higher use of air conditioning during heatwaves. This surge can strain power grids, leading to power outages. Rising electricity prices can contribute to energy poverty, where households cannot afford to cool their homes sufficiently. Additionally, excessive water use during heatwaves can exacerbate water scarcity issues, particularly in cities already struggling with water management challenges due to climate change.

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies

Recognizing the severe impacts of heatwaves, India has implemented several measures:

• National Guidelines: The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) developed guidelines on heatwave management to assist state governments and stakeholders in creating heatwave management plans.

• Heat Health Action Plans (HHAP): Implemented in various cities, these plans aim to reduce heat-related illnesses and deaths through early warning systems, public awareness campaigns, and infrastructure improvements.

• Workplace Adjustments: The Ministry of Labour and Employment has advised rescheduling working hours for laborers across different sectors to avoid the hottest parts of the day.

Climate Change and Future Projections

India's vulnerability to climate change is evident. The Asian Development Bank warned that climate change could reduce India's GDP by 25% by 2070. The country spends over 5% of its GDP on climate adaptation measures, including flood controls and water desalination. The frequency and intensity of heatwaves are projected to increase, posing significant challenges to economic growth and public health.

As India braces for the anticipated above-normal temperatures in April 2025, the need for proactive measures becomes increasingly urgent. Policymakers, industries, and communities must collaborate on sustainable solutions to mitigate the adverse effects of rising temperatures and build resilience against future climate challenges.