DRC and Rwanda Set to Sign Landmark Peace Agreement in Washington

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Rwanda are poised to sign a comprehensive peace agreement on June 27, 2025, in Washington, D.C., marking a significant step toward resolving decades-long conflicts in eastern Congo. This development follows the signing of a "Declaration of Principles" in April, facilitated by the United States, aiming to address the activities of the M23 rebel group and promote regional stability.

The forthcoming agreement builds upon the April 25 declaration signed by DRC Foreign Minister Thérèse Kayikwamba Wagner and Rwandan Foreign Minister Olivier Nduhungirehe, in the presence of U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio. The declaration commits both nations to mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, cessation of hostilities, disarmament and conditional integration of non-state armed groups, and the establishment of a joint security mechanism. Additionally, it emphasizes the facilitation of the return of displaced civilians and the promotion of regional economic integration.

The conflict in eastern DRC has been marked by the resurgence of the M23 rebel group, which has seized key cities, including Goma and Bukavu, since January 2025. The M23, primarily composed of ethnic Tutsis, claims to protect Tutsis and Congolese of Rwandan origin. However, critics argue that their campaign serves Rwanda’s political and economic interests. The United Nations and various international observers have accused Rwanda of providing military and logistical support to M23, allegations that Rwanda has consistently denied.

The United States has played a pivotal role in mediating the peace talks, viewing the initiative as a strategic move to enhance American private sector investment in the DRC's mining and infrastructure sectors, thereby countering China's influence in the region. U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio described the agreement as a "win-win," suggesting it could unlock major U.S.-backed investment in energy and mining sectors.

Despite the optimism surrounding the agreement, challenges remain. Previous peace efforts between the DRC and Rwanda have yielded limited results, with ceasefires often collapsing. Analysts emphasize that the success of this agreement will depend on the commitment of all parties to implement the outlined provisions and address underlying issues contributing to the unrest. Political analyst Christian Moleka noted that long-term success hinges on Congo implementing security reforms and sustained international support.

Humanitarian organizations have also expressed concerns. Physicians for Human Rights emphasized the need for the agreement to center on human rights and accountability for perpetrators, warning that omitting these aspects could result in an extractive settlement benefiting foreign powers while neglecting the thousands of war victims.

The formal signing of the peace agreement is scheduled for June 27, 2025, pending a summit between Presidents Paul Kagame of Rwanda and Félix Tshisekedi of the DRC. If successful, the agreement could pave the way for substantial U.S.-backed investment in the DRC's mining and infrastructure sectors, potentially boosting the economy and providing employment opportunities. However, the durability of the peace deal will require sustained commitment from all parties involved to achieve lasting peace and prosperity in the region.