In early 2025, a significant measles outbreak emerged in the southwestern United States, predominantly affecting Texas and New Mexico. As of April 25, the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) reported 646 confirmed cases, marking an increase of 22 cases in three days. The outbreak is centered in Gaines County, where cases rose to 393 from 386. Nationwide, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed a total of 884 measles cases across 30 jurisdictions, with 11 outbreaks in 2025 and three related deaths. In neighboring New Mexico, cases increased to 66, primarily in Lea County, which borders Gaines County.

Health experts have expressed concern that the U.S. is at risk of a resurgence of endemic measles, a disease declared eradicated 25 years ago. The CDC reports that 97% of the cases involve individuals who were unvaccinated or had unknown vaccination status. Efforts to curb the spread are hindered by weak vaccine advocacy and misinformation regarding unproven treatments, which has led to parental confusion and increased vulnerability to infection.

The outbreak was first identified in late January in Gaines County, Texas. By February 25, 124 cases were reported in Texas, with 80 in Gaines County. The outbreak expanded to New Mexico, with 30 cases reported in Lea County by March 7. As of April 25, Texas reported 646 cases, with Gaines County accounting for 393.

The outbreak has resulted in at least two child fatalities in Texas and one adult death in New Mexico.

Health officials attribute the outbreak to declining vaccination rates, which have fallen below the 95% threshold necessary for herd immunity. This decline is partly due to vaccine misinformation and skepticism. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has deployed personnel to assist in containment efforts.

The outbreak has also raised concerns about potential federal budget cuts to vaccination programs, which could further impede efforts to control the spread of measles.

The resurgence of measles, a disease declared eradicated in the U.S. in 2000, underscores the critical importance of maintaining high vaccination coverage. The spread of misinformation has led to increased vaccine skepticism, contributing to lower immunization rates and heightened vulnerability to outbreaks. The outbreak has placed additional pressure on healthcare resources, including hospitalizations and public health interventions.

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes, and a distinctive red rash. Complications can include pneumonia, encephalitis, and death, particularly in young children and immunocompromised individuals. The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is highly effective in preventing infection.

Measles was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000. However, declining vaccination rates have led to periodic outbreaks, with the current situation being one of the most significant in recent years.

The 2025 measles outbreak in the southwestern United States serves as a stark reminder of the importance of vaccination and the dangers posed by misinformation. Addressing vaccine hesitancy through education and policy measures is crucial to prevent future outbreaks and protect public health.